Android后台杀死系列之一:Fragment本质及FragmentActivity后台杀死处理机制

2017/01/07 Android

App在后台久置后,再次从桌面或最近的任务列表唤醒时经常会发生崩溃,这往往是App在后台被系统杀死,再次恢复的时候遇到了问题,而在使用FragmentActivity+Fragment的时候,经常会遇到:比如Fragment没有提供默认构造方法,就会重建的时候因为反射创建Fragment失败而崩溃,再比如,在onCreate里面new 一个FragmentDialog,并且show,在被后台杀死,再次唤醒的时候,就会show两个对话框,这是为什么?其实这就涉及了后台杀死及恢复的机制,其中涉及的知识点主要是FragmentActivity、ActivityManagerService、LowMemoryKiller机制、ActivityStack、Binder等一系列知识点。放在一篇文章里面可能会有些长,因此,Android后台杀死系列写了三篇:

  • 开篇:FragmentActivity的onSaveInstance与onRestorInstance
  • 原理篇1:后台杀死与LowmemoryKiller(主要讲述App被后台杀死的原理)
  • 原理篇2:后台杀死与恢复(主要讲述App恢复重建的流程及原理)

本篇是Android后台杀死系列的第一篇,主要讲解在开发过程中,由于后台杀死涉及的一些崩溃,以及如何避免这些崩溃,还有就是简单的介绍一下onSaveInstanceState与onRestoreInstanceState执行时机与原理,这两个函数也是Android面试时常问的两个点,是比简单的启动模式Activity声明周期稍微更深入细致一些的地方,也通过这个点引入后台杀死及恢复原理。

FragmentActivity被后台杀死后恢复逻辑

当App被后台异常杀死后,再次点击icon,或者从最近任务列表进入的时候,系统会帮助恢复当时的场景,重新创建Activity,对于FragmentActivity,由于其中有Framgent,逻辑会相对再复杂一些,系统会首先重建被销毁的Fragment。看FragmentActivity的onCreat代码:

举个栗子

我们创建一个Activity,并且在onCreate函数中新建并show一个DialogFragment,之后通过某种方式将APP异常杀死(RogueKiller模拟后台杀死工具),再次从最近的任务唤起App的时候,会发现显示了两个DialogFragment,代码如下:

public class DialogFragmentActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        DialogFragment dialogFragment = new FragmentDlg();
        dialogFragment.show(getSupportFragmentManager(), "");
    }

这不仅让我们奇怪,为什么呢?虽然被杀死了,但是onCreate函数在执行的时候还是只执行了一次啊,为什么会出现两个DialogFragment,这里其实就有一个DialogFragment是通过Android自身的恢复重建机制重建出来,在异常杀死的情况下onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)函数的savedInstanceState参数也不是null,而是包含了被杀死时所保存的场景信息。再来看个崩溃的例子,新建一个CrashFragment,并且丢弃默认无参构造方法:

public class CrashFragment extends Fragment {

    public CrashFragment(String tag) {
        super();
    }
}

之后再Activity中Add或replace添加这个CrashFragment,在CrashFragment显示后,通过RogueKiller模拟后台杀死工具模拟后台杀死,再次从最近任务列表里唤起App的时候,就会遇到崩溃,

Caused by: android.support.v4.app.Fragment$InstantiationException: 
  Unable to instantiate fragment xxx.CrashFragment: 
  make sure class name exists, is public, and has an empty constructor that is public
		at android.support.v4.app.Fragment.instantiate(Fragment.java:431)
		at android.support.v4.app.FragmentState.instantiate(Fragment.java:102)
		at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.restoreAllState(FragmentManager.java:1952)
		at android.support.v4.app.FragmentController.restoreAllState(FragmentController.java:144)
		at android.support.v4.app.FragmentActivity.onCreate(FragmentActivity.java:307)
		at android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity.onCreate(AppCompatActivity.java:81)

上面的这两个问题主要涉及后台杀死后FragmentActivity自身的恢复机制,其实super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)在恢复时做了很多我们没有看到的事情,先看一下崩溃:

为什么Fragment没有无参构造方法会引发崩溃

看一下support-V4中FragmentActivity中onCreate代码如下:

protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    mFragments.attachHost(null /*parent*/);

    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
					...
    if (savedInstanceState != null) {
        Parcelable p = savedInstanceState.getParcelable(FRAGMENTS_TAG);
        mFragments.restoreAllState(p, nc != null ? nc.fragments : null);
    }
    mFragments.dispatchCreate();
}

可以看到如果savedInstanceState != null,就会执行mFragments.restoreAllState逻辑,其实这里就牵扯到恢复时重建逻辑,再被后台异常杀死前,或者说在Activity的onStop执行前,Activity的现场以及Fragment的现场都是已经被保存过的,其实是被保存早ActivityManagerService中,保存的格式FragmentState,重建的时候,会采用反射机制重新创Fragment

void restoreAllState(Parcelable state, List<Fragment> nonConfig) {
 
 	 ...
         for (int i=0; i<fms.mActive.length; i++) {
        FragmentState fs = fms.mActive[i];
        if (fs != null) {
            Fragment f = fs.instantiate(mHost, mParent);
            mActive.add(f);
    ...

其实就是调用FragmentState的instantiate,进而调用Fragment的instantiate,最后通过反射,构建Fragment,也就是,被加到FragmentActivity的Fragment在恢复的时候,会被自动创建,并且采用Fragment的默认无参构造方法,如果没哟这个方法,就会抛出InstantiationException异常,这也是为什么第二个例子中会出现崩溃的原因。

 */
public static Fragment instantiate(Context context, String fname, @Nullable Bundle args) {
    try {
        Class<?> clazz = sClassMap.get(fname);
        if (clazz == null) {
            // Class not found in the cache, see if it's real, and try to add it
            clazz = context.getClassLoader().loadClass(fname);
            sClassMap.put(fname, clazz);
        }
        Fragment f = (Fragment)clazz.newInstance();
        if (args != null) {
            args.setClassLoader(f.getClass().getClassLoader());
            f.mArguments = args;
        }
        return f;
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
        throw new InstantiationException("Unable to instantiate fragment " + fname
                + ": make sure class name exists, is public, and has an"
                + " empty constructor that is public", e);
    } catch (java.lang.InstantiationException e) {
        throw new InstantiationException("Unable to instantiate fragment " + fname
                + ": make sure class name exists, is public, and has an"
                + " empty constructor that is public", e);
    } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
        throw new InstantiationException("Unable to instantiate fragment " + fname
                + ": make sure class name exists, is public, and has an"
                + " empty constructor that is public", e);
    }
}
q  可以看到场景二提示的errormsg跟抛出的异常是可以对应上的,其实Fragment源码里面也说得很清楚:
 
 /**
 * Default constructor.  <strong>Every</strong> fragment must have an
 * empty constructor, so it can be instantiated when restoring its
 * activity's state.  It is strongly recommended that subclasses do not
 * have other constructors with parameters, since these constructors
 * will not be called when the fragment is re-instantiated; instead,
 * arguments can be supplied by the caller with {@link #setArguments}
 * and later retrieved by the Fragment with {@link #getArguments}.
 * 
 * <p>Applications should generally not implement a constructor.  The
 * first place application code an run where the fragment is ready to
 * be used is in {@link #onAttach(Activity)}, the point where the fragment
 * is actually associated with its activity.  Some applications may also
 * want to implement {@link #onInflate} to retrieve attributes from a
 * layout resource, though should take care here because this happens for
 * the fragment is attached to its activity.
 */
 
public Fragment() {
}

大意就是,Fragment必须有一个空构造方法,这样才能保证重建流程,并且,Fragment的子类也不推荐有带参数的构造方法,最好采用setArguments来保存参数。下面再来看下为什么会出现两个DialogFragment。

为什么出现两个DialogFragment

Fragment在被创建之后,如果不通过add或者replace添加到Activity的布局中是不会显示的,在保存现场的时候,也是保存了add的这个状态的,来看一下Fragment的add逻辑:此时被后台杀死,或旋转屏幕,被恢复的DialogFragmentActivity时会出现两个FragmentDialog,一个被系统恢复的,一个新建的。

Add一个Fragment,并显示的原理–所谓Fragment生命周期

通常我们FragmentActivity使用Fragment的方法如下:假设是在oncreate函数中:

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    	super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
		Fragment fr = Fragment.instance("")
		getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()
		.add(R.id.container,fr).commit();

其中getSupportFragmentManager返回的是FragmentManager的子类FragmentManagerImpl,FragmentManagerImpl是FragmentActivity的一个内部类,其Fragment的管理逻辑都是由FragmentManagerImpl来处理的,本文是基于4.3,后面的高版本引入了FragmentController其实也只是多了一层封装,原理差别不是太大,有兴趣可以自己分析:

public class FragmentActivity extends Activity{
	...
    final FragmentManagerImpl mFragments = new FragmentManagerImpl();
   ...
    final FragmentContainer mContainer = new FragmentContainer() {
        @Override
        @Nullable
        public View findViewById(int id) {
            return FragmentActivity.this.findViewById(id);
        }

        @Override
        public boolean hasView() {
            Window window = FragmentActivity.this.getWindow();
            return (window != null && window.peekDecorView() != null);
        }
    };

FragmentManagerImpl的beginTransaction()函数返回的是一个BackStackRecord()

@Override
public FragmentTransaction beginTransaction() {
    return new (this);
}

从名字就可以看出,beginTransaction是为FragmentActivity生成一条Transaction(事务),可以执行,也可以反向,作为退栈的一个依据,FragmentTransaction的add函数实现如下,

public FragmentTransaction add(Fragment fragment, String tag) {
    doAddOp(0, fragment, tag, OP_ADD);//异步操作的,跟Hander类似
    return this;
}
 
 
private void doAddOp(int containerViewId, Fragment fragment, String tag, int opcmd) {
    fragment.mFragmentManager = mManager;
	 ...
    Op op = new Op();
    op.cmd = opcmd;
    op.fragment = fragment;
    addOp(op);
}

之后commit这个Transaction, 将Transaction插入到Transaction队列中去,最终会回调FragmentManager的addFragment方法,将Fragment添加FragmentManagerImpl到维护Fragment列表中去,并且根据当前的Activity状态,将Fragment调整到合适的状态,代码如下:

public void addFragment(Fragment fragment, boolean moveToStateNow) {

    if (mAdded == null) {
        mAdded = new ArrayList<Fragment>();
    }

    makeActive(fragment);
    
    if (!fragment.mDetached) {
        if (mAdded.contains(fragment)) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Fragment already added: " + fragment);
        }
        mAdded.add(fragment);
        fragment.mAdded = true;
        fragment.mRemoving = false;
        if (fragment.mHasMenu && fragment.mMenuVisible) {
            mNeedMenuInvalidate = true;
        }
        if (moveToStateNow) {
            moveToState(fragment);
        }
    }
}    

为什么说FragmentManager是FragmentActivity管理Fragment的核心呢,请看下面:

final class FragmentManagerImpl extends FragmentManager implements LayoutInflaterFactory {
	...
	
    ArrayList<Runnable> mPendingActions;
    Runnable[] mTmpActions;
    boolean mExecutingActions;
    
    ArrayList<Fragment> mActive;
    ArrayList<Fragment> mAdded;
    ArrayList<Integer> mAvailIndices;
    ArrayList<BackStackRecord> mBackStack;

可以看出FragmentManagerImpl帮FragmentActivity维护着所有管理Fragment的列表,FragmentManagerImpl的State是和Activity的State一致的,这是管理Fragment的关键。其实Fragment自身是没有什么生命周期的,它只是一个View的封装,完全依靠FragmentManagerImpl来进行同步模拟生命周期,比如在onCreate函数中创建Fragment,add后,在执行的到Activity自身的onCreateView之前,Fragment的onCreateView是不会执行的,也就是Fragment是被动式的跟FragmentActivity保持一致。既然Fragment只是个View的封装,那么它是如何转换成View,并添加到Container中去的呢?关键是moveToState函数,这个函数强制将新add的Fragment的生命周期与Activity同步:

 void moveToState(Fragment f, int newState, int transit, int transitionStyle,
        boolean keepActive) {
        ...        
     if (f.mState < newState) { //低于当前Activity的状态
        switch (f.mState) {
            case Fragment.INITIALIZING:
					...
                f.mActivity = mActivity;
                f.mParentFragment = mParent;
                f.mFragmentManager = mParent != null
                        ? mParent.mChildFragmentManager : mActivity.mFragments;
                f.mCalled = false;
                f.onAttach(mActivity);
               ...
                if (!f.mRetaining) {
                    f.performCreate(f.mSavedFragmentState);
                } 
            case Fragment.CREATED:
                if (newState > Fragment.CREATED) {
            
                      f.mView = f.performCreateView(f.getLayoutInflater(
                      f.mSavedFragmentState), container, f.mSavedFragmentState);
                      f.onViewCreated(f.mView, f.mSavedFragmentState);
                 
                    f.performActivityCreated(f.mSavedFragmentState);
                    if (f.mView != null) {
                        f.restoreViewState(f.mSavedFragmentState);
                    }
                    f.mSavedFragmentState = null;
                }
            case Fragment.ACTIVITY_CREATED:
            case Fragment.STOPPED:
                    if (newState > Fragment.STOPPED) {
                        f.performStart();
                    }
            case Fragment.STARTED:
                if (newState > Fragment.STARTED) {
       	           f.mResumed = true;
                    f.performResume();

可以看出,add Fragment之后,需要让Fragment跟当前Activity的State保持一致。现在回归正题,对于后台杀死状态下,为什么会show两个DialogFragment呢,我们需要接着看就要Fragment的异常处理的流程,在Fragment没有无参构造方法会引发崩溃里面,分析只是走到了Fragment的构建,现在接着往下走。提供无参构造函数后,Fragment可以正确的新建出来,之后呢?之后就是一些恢复逻辑,接着看restoreAllState

void restoreAllState(Parcelable state, ArrayList<Fragment> nonConfig) {
 
    if (state == null) return;
    FragmentManagerState fms = (FragmentManagerState)state;
    mActive = new ArrayList<Fragment>(fms.mActive.length);
     for (int i=0; i<fms.mActive.length; i++) {
        FragmentState fs = fms.mActive[i];
        if (fs != null) {
            Fragment f = fs.instantiate(mActivity, mParent);
 
            mActive.add(f);
            fs.mInstance = null;

    // Build the list of currently added fragments.
    if (fms.mAdded != null) {
        mAdded = new ArrayList<Fragment>(fms.mAdded.length);
        for (int i=0; i<fms.mAdded.length; i++) {
            Fragment f = mActive.get(fms.mAdded[i]);
            if (f == null) {
                throwException(new IllegalStateException(
                        "No instantiated fragment for index #" + fms.mAdded[i]));
            }
            f.mAdded = true;
            if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "restoreAllState: added #" + i + ": " + f);
            if (mAdded.contains(f)) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Already added!");
            }
            mAdded.add(f);
        }
    
    // Build the back stack.
    if (fms.mBackStack != null) {
        mBackStack = new ArrayList<BackStackRecord>(fms.mBackStack.length);
        for (int i=0; i<fms.mBackStack.length; i++) {
            BackStackRecord bse = fms.mBackStack[i].instantiate(this);
 
            mBackStack.add(bse);
            if (bse.mIndex >= 0) {
                setBackStackIndex(bse.mIndex, bse);
}

其实到现在现在Fragment相关的信息已经恢复成功了,之后随着FragmentActivity周期显示或者更新了,这些都是被杀死后,在FragmentActiivyt的onCreate函数处理的,也就是默认已经将之前的Fragment添加到mAdded列表中去了,但是,在场景一,我们有手动新建了一个Fragment,并添加进去,所以,mAdded函数中就有连个两个Fragment。这样,在FragmentActivity调用onStart函数之后,会新建mAdded列表中Fragment的视图,将其添加到相应的container中去,并在Activity调用onReusume的时候,显示出来做的,这个时候,就会显示两份,其实如果,在这个时候,你再杀死一次,恢复,就会显示三分,在杀死,重启,就是四份。。。。

@Override
protected void onStart() {
    super.onStart();

    mStopped = false;
    mReallyStopped = false;
    mHandler.removeMessages(MSG_REALLY_STOPPED);

    if (!mCreated) {
        mCreated = true;
        mFragments.dispatchActivityCreated();
    }

    mFragments.noteStateNotSaved();
    mFragments.execPendingActions();

    mFragments.doLoaderStart();

    // NOTE: HC onStart goes here.

    mFragments.dispatchStart();
    mFragments.reportLoaderStart();
}

以上就是针对两个场景,对FramgentActivity的一些分析,主要是回复时候,对于Framgent的一些处理。

onSaveInstanceState与OnRestoreInstance的调用时机

在在点击home键,或者跳转其他界面的时候,都会回调用onSaveInstanceState,但是再次唤醒却不一定调用OnRestoreInstance,这是为什么呢?onSaveInstanceState与OnRestoreInstance难道不是配对使用的?在Android中,onSaveInstanceState是为了预防Activity被后台杀死的情况做的预处理,如果Activity没有被后台杀死,那么自然也就不需要进行现场的恢复,也就不会调用OnRestoreInstance,而大多数情况下,Activity不会那么快被杀死。

onSaveInstanceState的调用时机

onSaveInstanceState函数是Android针对可能被后台杀死的Activity做的一种预防,它的执行时机在2.3之前是在onPause之前,2.3之后,放在了onStop函数之前,也就说Activity失去焦点后,可能会由于内存不足,被回收的情况下,都会去执行onSaveInstanceState。对于startActivity函数的调用很多文章都有介绍,可以简单参考下老罗的博客Android应用程序内部启动Activity过程(startActivity)的源代码分析,比如在Activity A 调用startActivity启动Activity B的时候,会首先通过AMS pause Activity A,之后唤起B,在B显示,再stop A,在stop A的时候,需要保存A的现场,因为不可见的Activity都是可能被后台杀死的,比如,在开发者选项中打开不保留活动,就会达到这种效果,在启动另一个Activity时,上一个Activity的保存流程大概如下,这里先简单描述,在下一篇原理篇的时候,会详细讲解下流程:

恢复启动流程.png

在2.3之后,onSaveInstanceState的时机都放在了onStop之前,看一下FragmentActivity的onSaveInstanceState源码:

@Override
protected void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
    super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
    Parcelable p = mFragments.saveAllState();
    if (p != null) {
        outState.putParcelable(FRAGMENTS_TAG, p);
    }
}

可以看出,首先就是父类的onSaveInstanceState,主要是保存一些窗口及View的信息,比如ViewPager当前显示的是第几个View等。之后,就是就是通过FragmentManager的saveAllState,来保存FragmentActivity自身的现场-Fragment的一些状态,这些数据是FragmentActivity恢复Framgent所必须的数据,处理不好就会出现上面的那种异常。

OnRestoreInstanceState的调用时机

之前已经说过,OnRestoreInstanceState虽然与onSaveInstanceState是配对实现的,但是其调用却并非完全成对的,在Activity跳转或者返回主界面时,onSaveInstanceState是一定会调用的,但是OnRestoreInstanceState却不会,它只有Activity或者App被异常杀死,走恢复流程的时候才会被调用。如果没有被异常杀死,不走Activity的恢复新建流程,也就不会回调OnRestoreInstanceState,简单看一下Activity的加载流程图:

onRestoreInstance调用时机.png

可以看出,OnRestoreInstanceState的调用时机是在onStart之后,在onPostCreate之前。那么正常的创建为什么没调用呢?看一下ActivityThread中启动Activity的源码:

 private Activity performLaunchActivity(Activi
         
         ...
          mInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(activity, r.state);
          	   
               r.activity = activity;
               r.stopped = true;
               if (!r.activity.mFinished) {
                   activity.performStart();
                   r.stopped = false;
               }
               if (!r.activity.mFinished) {
                   if (r.state != null) {
                       mInstrumentation.callActivityOnRestoreInstanceState(activity, r.state);
                   }
               }
               if (!r.activity.mFinished) {
                   activity.mCalled = false;
                   mInstrumentation.callActivityOnPostCreate(activity, r.state);
            
               }
     }

可以看出,只有r.state != null的时候,才通过mInstrumentation.callActivityOnRestoreInstanceState回调OnRestoreInstanceState,r.state就是ActivityManagerService通过Binder传给ActivityThread数据,主要用来做场景恢复。以上就是onSaveInstanceState与OnRestoreInstance执行时机的一些分析。下面结合具体的系统View控件来分析一下这两个函数的具体应用:比如ViewPager与FragmentTabHost,这两个空间是主界面最常用的控件,内部对后台杀死做了兼容,这也是为什么被杀死后,Viewpager在恢复后,能自动定位到上次浏览的位置。

ViewPager应对后台杀死做的兼容

首先看一下ViewPager做的兼容,ViewPager在后台杀死的情况下,仍然能恢复到上次关闭的位置,这也是对体验的一种优化,这其中的原理是什么?之前分析onSaveInstanceState与onRestoreInstanceState的时候,只关注了Fragment的处理,其实还有一些针对Window窗口及Vie的处理,先看一下onSaveInstanceState针对窗口保存了什么:

protected void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
    outState.putBundle(WINDOW_HIERARCHY_TAG, mWindow.saveHierarchyState());
  }

PhonwWinow.java

@Override
public Bundle saveHierarchyState() {
    Bundle outState = new Bundle();
    if (mContentParent == null) {
        return outState;
    }
    
    SparseArray<Parcelable> states = new SparseArray<Parcelable>();
    mContentParent.saveHierarchyState(states);
    outState.putSparseParcelableArray(VIEWS_TAG, states);

    // save the focused view id
      View focusedView = mContentParent.findFocus();
      ...
      outState.putInt(FOCUSED_ID_TAG, focusedView.getId());
    // save the panels
    if (panelStates.size() > 0) {
        outState.putSparseParcelableArray(PANELS_TAG, panelStates);
    }
    if (mActionBar != null) {
        outState.putSparseParcelableArray(ACTION_BAR_TAG, actionBarStates);
    }

    return outState;
}

Window其实就是PhonwWinow,saveHierarchyState其实就是针对当前窗口中的View保存一些场景信息 ,比如:当前获取焦点的View的id、ActionBar、View的一些状态,当然saveHierarchyState递归遍历所有子View,保存所有需要保存的状态:

ViewGroup.java

@Override
protected void dispatchSaveInstanceState(SparseArray<Parcelable> container) {
    super.dispatchSaveInstanceState(container);
    final int count = mChildrenCount;
    final View[] children = mChildren;
    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        View c = children[i];
        if ((c.mViewFlags & PARENT_SAVE_DISABLED_MASK) != PARENT_SAVE_DISABLED) {
            c.dispatchSaveInstanceState(container);
        }
    }
}

可见,该函数首先通过super.dispatchSaveInstanceState保存自身的状态,再递归传递给子View。onSaveInstanceState主要用于获取View需要保存的State,并将自身的ID作为Key,存储到SparseArray states列表中,其实就PhoneWindow的一个列表,这些数据最后会通过Binder保存到ActivityManagerService中去

View.java

  protected void dispatchSaveInstanceState(SparseArray<Parcelable> container) {
    if (mID != NO_ID && (mViewFlags & SAVE_DISABLED_MASK) == 0) {
        mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_SAVE_STATE_CALLED;
        Parcelable state = onSaveInstanceState();
        if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_SAVE_STATE_CALLED) == 0) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(
                    "Derived class did not call super.onSaveInstanceState()");
        }
        if (state != null) {
            container.put(mID, state);
        }
    }
}

那么针对ViewPager到底存储了什么信息?通过下面的代码很容易看出,其实就是新建个了一个SavedState场景数据,并且将当前的位置mCurItem存进去。

  @Override
public Parcelable onSaveInstanceState() {
    Parcelable superState = super.onSaveInstanceState();
    SavedState ss = new SavedState(superState);
    ss.position = mCurItem;
    if (mAdapter != null) {
        ss.adapterState = mAdapter.saveState();
    }
    return ss;
} 到这里存储的事情基本就完成了。接下来看一下ViewPager的恢复以及onRestoreInstanceState到底做了什么,

protected void onRestoreInstanceState(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    if (mWindow != null) {
        Bundle windowState = savedInstanceState.getBundle(WINDOW_HIERARCHY_TAG);
        if (windowState != null) {
            mWindow.restoreHierarchyState(windowState);
        }
    }
}

从代码可以看出,其实就是获取当时保存的窗口信息,之后通过mWindow.restoreHierarchyState做数据恢复,

@Override
public void restoreHierarchyState(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    if (mContentParent == null) {
        return;
    }

    SparseArray<Parcelable> savedStates
            = savedInstanceState.getSparseParcelableArray(VIEWS_TAG);
    if (savedStates != null) {
        mContentParent.restoreHierarchyState(savedStates);
    }
    ...
    
    if (mActionBar != null) {
    	...
          mActionBar.restoreHierarchyState(actionBarStates);
      }
}

对于ViewPager会发生什么?从源码很容易看出,其实就是取出SavedState,并获取到异常杀死的时候的位置,以便后续的恢复,

ViewPager.java

@Override
public void onRestoreInstanceState(Parcelable state) {
    if (!(state instanceof SavedState)) {
        super.onRestoreInstanceState(state);
        return;
    }

    SavedState ss = (SavedState)state;
    super.onRestoreInstanceState(ss.getSuperState());

    if (mAdapter != null) {
        mAdapter.restoreState(ss.adapterState, ss.loader);
        setCurrentItemInternal(ss.position, false, true);
    } else {
        mRestoredCurItem = ss.position;
        mRestoredAdapterState = ss.adapterState;
        mRestoredClassLoader = ss.loader;
    }
} 

以上就解释了ViewPager是如何通过onSaveInstanceState与onRestoreInstanceState保存、恢复现场的。如果是ViewPager+FragmentAdapter的使用方式,就同时涉及FragmentActivity的恢复、也牵扯到Viewpager的恢复,其实FragmentAdapter也同样针对后台杀死做了一些兼容,防止重复新建Fragment,看一下FragmentAdapter的源码:

FragmentPagerAdapter.java

@Override
public Object instantiateItem(ViewGroup container, int position) {
    if (mCurTransaction == null) {
        mCurTransaction = mFragmentManager.beginTransaction();
    }

    final long itemId = getItemId(position);

    // Do we already have this fragment?
    <!--是否已经新建了Fragment??-->
    
    String name = makeFragmentName(container.getId(), itemId);
    Fragment fragment = mFragmentManager.findFragmentByTag(name);
    
    1 如果Activity中存在相应Tag的Fragment,就不要通过getItem新建
    
    if (fragment != null) {
        mCurTransaction.attach(fragment);
    } else {
    2 如果Activity中不存在相应Tag的Fragment,就需要通过getItem新建
        fragment = getItem(position);
        mCurTransaction.add(container.getId(), fragment,
                makeFragmentName(container.getId(), itemId));
    }
    if (fragment != mCurrentPrimaryItem) {
        FragmentCompat.setMenuVisibility(fragment, false);
        FragmentCompat.setUserVisibleHint(fragment, false);
    }

    return fragment;
}

从1与2 可以看出,通过后台恢复,在FragmentActivity的onCreate函数中,会重建Fragment列表,那些被重建的Fragment不会再次通过getItem再次创建,再来看一下相似的控件FragmentTabHost,FragmentTabHost也是主页常用的控件,FragmentTabHost也有相应的后台杀死处理机制,从名字就能看出,这个是专门针对Fragment才创建出来的控件。

后台杀死时View的保存及恢复

FragmentTabHost应对后台杀死做的兼容

FragmentTabHost其实跟ViewPager很相似,在onSaveInstanceState执行的时候保存当前位置,并在onRestoreInstanceState恢复postion,并重新赋值给Tabhost,之后FragmentTabHost在onAttachedToWindow时,就可以根据恢复的postion设置当前位置,代码如下:

FragmentTabHost.java

@Override
protected Parcelable onSaveInstanceState() {
    Parcelable superState = super.onSaveInstanceState();
    SavedState ss = new SavedState(superState);
    ss.curTab = getCurrentTabTag();
    return ss;
}

@Override
protected void onRestoreInstanceState(Parcelable state) {
    if (!(state instanceof SavedState)) {
        super.onRestoreInstanceState(state);
        return;
    }
    SavedState ss = (SavedState) state;
    super.onRestoreInstanceState(ss.getSuperState());
    setCurrentTabByTag(ss.curTab);
}

在FragmentTabHost执行onAttachedToWindow时候,会首先getCurrentTabTag ,如果是经历了后台杀死,这里得到的值其实是恢复的SavedState里的值,之后通过doTabChanged切换到响应的Tab,注意这里切换的时候,Fragment由于已经重建了,是不会再次新建的。

@Override
protected void onAttachedToWindow() {
    super.onAttachedToWindow();

    String currentTab = getCurrentTabTag();
    ...
    
    ft = doTabChanged(currentTab, ft);
    
    if (ft != null) {
        ft.commit();
        mFragmentManager.executePendingTransactions();
    }
}

App开发时针对后台杀死处理方式

  • 最简单的方式,但是效果一般:取消系统恢复

比如:针对FragmentActivity ,不重建:

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
     if (savedInstanceState != null) {
     savedInstanceState.putParcelable(“android:support:fragments”, null);}
     super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
}  

如果是系统的Actvity改成是“android:fragments”,不过这里需要注意:对于ViewPager跟FragmentTabHost不需要额外处理,处理了可能反而有反作用。

针对Window,如果不想让View使用恢复逻辑,在基类的FragmentActivity中覆盖onRestoreInstanceState函数即可。

protected void onRestoreInstanceState(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
}

当然以上的做法都是比较粗暴的做法,最好还是顺着Android的设计,在需要保存现场的地方保存,在需要恢复的地方,去除相应的数据进行恢复。以上就是后台杀死针对FragmentActivity、onSaveInstanceState、onRestoreInstanceState的一些分析,后面会有两篇针对后台杀死原理,以及ActivityManagerService如何处理杀死及恢复的文章。

参考文档

Fragment Transactions & Activity State Loss
Lowmemorykiller笔记
Fragment实例化,Fragment生命周期源码分析
android.app.Fragment$InstantiationException的原因分析
Android Framework架构浅析之【近期任务】
Android Low Memory Killer介绍
Android开发之InstanceState详解
Square:从今天开始抛弃Fragment吧!
对Android近期任务列表(Recent Applications)的简单分析
Android——内存管理-lowmemorykiller 机制
ActivityStackSupervisor分析
A Deeper Look of ViewPager and FragmentStatePagerAdaper
View的onSaveInstanceState和onRestoreInstanceState过程分析

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